Do You Have Viking Blood?

Do you have Viking Ancestry? See how likely you are to have a Viking ancestor based on your country of origin.

Do You Have Viking Blood?

As the Vikings gain popularity worldwide, the endeavor to trace one’s ancestry to them is gaining momentum. It’s no secret that the Vikings were prolific progenitors. They traveled far in search of riches, and often, those they encountered were of interest to them in more ways than one. Their genetic material spread across populations from Ireland to Russia, and they also brought people from these regions back to Scandinavia. The Vikings may have spurred intermixing between European communities more than any other group since the Romans. It’s no wonder so many people believe that somewhere in their family tree was a Viking.

One of the most common questions I am asked is, “Do I have Viking Ancestry?” Websites abound promising to reveal a user’s hidden Viking heritage through DNA tests. Still, most of them are merely swindling people out of their money and genetic data with misleading marketing. Additionally, even the most reputable services that analyze DNA only go back a few generations and ignore the broader movements of populations over the millennia.

The truth is that genetics as a field is still young and imprecise. To boot, the Vikings are not a genetic group. The word Viking describes those who left home to rove. Asking if you have Viking ancestry is no different than asking if you have Caribbean Pirate ancestry. It’s not a thing. If a service tells you your DNA matches that of Viking Age Scandinavians, I would encourage you to dig deeper into their methodology and data sets. Please don't take me wrong. I'm not saying you don't have Viking ancestors. I’m saying that you should be skeptical of results that confirm that you do.

If DNA tests can’t tell you if you have a Viking somewhere in your family tree, how could you ever know? The short answer is that you can’t. However, no one likes to hear that answer, and that’s why I have compiled a shortlist of estimates on how likely you might be to have a Viking in your family tree, based on what I know of their activities in specific geographic areas from the historical and archaeological record.

Do you have Viking Blood? Here are my estimates on your likelihood of having a Viking ancestor somewhere in your family tree.

**DISCLAIMER: This article is for entertainment only. It is meant to serve as a starting point for curious minds to learn more about Viking history. If something you read here piques your interest, I encourage you to explore that topic in more depth. A great place to start is to subscribe and listen to a podcast I co-host with historian Terri Barnes called Vikingology: The Art and Science of the Viking Age.

Iceland - 99%

Iceland started as a colony of Norwegian settlers seeking to escape the political turmoil in their homeland. Their history is preserved in the Icelandic Sagas, a body of documents that record the oral tradition of the Icelanders from the Viking Age. The Saga of Egill Skallagrimson, in particular, tells of men betaking themselves a-Viking, and from the sagas, one might glean that to sail as a Viking was almost a rite of passage. Iceland also stands apart from other Scandinavian countries in that it remained largely isolated throughout most of the medieval period. Their language is the closest relative to Old Norse. If you and your family are from Iceland, it is almost guaranteed someone in your family tree took a ship and roved abroad. 

Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway, Sweden) - 80%

At the start of the Viking Age (~late 8th century A.D.) Scandinavia, roughly defined as modern-day Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, shared a common cultural boundary distinct from the surrounding areas, as verified in the archaeological record. These are the lands where the Vikings got their start. Over the three centuries we refer to as the Viking Age, Scandinavia underwent significant cultural and linguistic divergence, influenced by the foreign lands with which it had the most contact. The Danes preferred England and France and interacted heavily with the Saxons, Frisians, and Obrodites. Norwegians traveled the extra mile to Scotland, Ireland, the Brittany region of France, and later to Iceland, Greenland, and Vinland (present-day America).

Meanwhile, the Swedes carved out vast swaths of territory for themselves in the East, established the city-states of Kyiv and Novgorod, and traded with the Byzantines. Not only did Viking Age Scandinavians influence the lands they roved, but those lands also influenced them! Not all Scandinavians left to go a-Viking. In fact, most probably did not. If you are from Scandinavia, you will likely have a Viking, or several Vikings, in your family tree.

Finland - 70%

Although the people who lived in the area known today as Finland were not part of the shared cultural boundary of Scandinavia at the outset of the Viking Age, they did, over time, become an integral part of the Viking Age. Swedes trading with Constantinople relied on the Finns to provide the raw materials for trade, and Viking chieftains quickly learned that marrying Finnish princesses was a great way to maintain amicable relationships with them. By the time the city-states of Kyiv and Novgorod were established, many of the Vikings who participated in the eastward expansion were of mixed Scandinavian and Finnish ancestry. If you are from Finland, there was likely a Viking, or several, in your family 1,000 years ago.

The Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) - 70%

As early as the 7th Century A.D., Swedes from the island of Gotland started to move eastward. They established a colony at what is now Grobina, in Latvia, and that colony would help to facilitate the broader expansion of Viking activity in the eastern river systems. Graves from the Grobina colony reveal a shifting trend in the kinds of people who lived there throughout the 8th century. The younger the grave, archaeologists have found, the more likely it is to be a warrior grave. Viking activity in the Baltic States remained steady well into the medieval period. Moreover, Sweden has maintained substantial interaction with the region to this day, making it highly likely that someone from one of the Baltic States has an ancestor somewhere in their family tree who was a Viking.

The U.K. - 60%

In the 9th century, the Danish Vikings carved out half of Britain for themselves in a territory known as the Danelaw. Their capital was a thriving Norse city called Jorvik, which is now known as York. Further, Norse settlers virtually replaced the existing populations in the Hebrides and Orkneys, as well as parts of Scotland. In 1066, England was conquered by William the Conqueror. William brought with him Norman knights, a group of francophone Danish noblemen who could be considered among the last Vikings. The Normans ruled England, parts of France, and Italy well into the High Middle Ages. If you are of English, Scottish, or Welsh descent, you likely have an ancestor who was once a Viking.

Ireland - 50%

Before the arrival of the Norwegian Vikings, the Irish people were quite insular. They had few coastal settlements and spent the entire period from the fall of Rome to the early medieval period culturally frozen in time. When the Vikings arrived, they founded several coastal settlements in what are today Dublin, Waterford, Cork, Limerick, among others. When the Irish kings realized what was happening, it was too late. Ireland struggled for many years to rid itself of the Vikings. Notably, the great kings of Leinster, such as Muiredach Mac Ruadrach, swore specific oaths to the church to help counter the pagan invasion. In 847, the Irish scored several critical victories across the island, which forced the expulsion of most Norse settlers from their lands. However, fewer than two decades later, the Vikings returned. Scandinavian settlements in Ireland played the game of politics well, and over the next century and a half, they established themselves firmly in the Irish genetic pool, eventually becoming the aptly-named Hiberno-Norse. If you are from Ireland, there’s a good chance one of your ancestors was one of these debonaire pirates who settled in Ireland.

Western France - 40%

Normandy is the obvious region of France one thinks of when invoking the Vikings, but Brittany and Aquitaine were also heavily frequented by those who roved. The entire Brittany region was held under Viking occupation for three decades until the Bretons reconquered it under the banner of Alain Barbe-Torte. If you are from Western France (Normandy, Brittany, Aquitaine), there’s a good chance you have a Viking in your family tree. If you are from Central or Eastern France, it is not as likely—the river systems in the Carolingian empire tended to be far more perilous to the Vikings than elsewhere in Europe.

Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus - 40%

Although the tribe of Swedish Vikings known as the Rus gave their name to Russia, the likelihood of having a Viking ancestor is far less there than in Finland and the Baltic States. When the Rus founded the city-states of Kyiv and Novgorod, they established themselves as rulers over the Slavs, who comprised the vast majority of the population. If we are to believe the Russian Primary Chronicle (which is unreliable), the only Vikings who established themselves in Kyiv and Novgorod were noblemen. Therefore, if you are from Russia (on the European side of the Ural Mountains), Ukraine, or Belarus, there’s a small but not insignificant chance you have a Viking ancestor.

The Netherlands - 30%  

The Netherlands, known in the Viking Age as Frisia, was heavily raided for centuries and colonized on multiple occasions by the Danes. Most famous was Rurik of Dorestad, the first Viking chieftain to receive an enfeoffment from the Carolingians. In the long run, however, the Carolingians maintained too strong a hold over the region, stifling long-term settlement. If you are Dutch, there is a small chance that you have a great-great-35x Viking grandfather.

Spain and Portugal - 5%

The coast of Asturias, an early medieval kingdom in northern Spain, was attacked several times by the Vikings. What’s more, a Viking fleet successfully sacked Lisbon and captured Seville in 844, inflicting great fear in the Moors. However, Viking activity in Iberia remained sparse. Following the humiliating defeats at the hands of the Norsemen, the Moors built up their navy, which successfully repelled Viking attacks in the second half of the 9th century. Hasting, a supposed son of Ragnar Lothbrok, partook in an infamous excursion into the Mediterranean, which ended in disaster due to the strength of the Moorish fleet guarding the Strait of Gibraltar. If you are from the Iberian Peninsula, there’s a slim chance you have a Viking in your family tree.

Italy - 5%

A single account exists of the Vikings reaching Italy. Led by the notorious chieftain Hasting, a fleet of 30 ships sacked the city of Luna with less-than-honorable tactics. They had meant to sack Rome but realized after taking Luna that they had made a navigational error. They did not colonize Italy, so Italians are unlikely to have any Viking relatives. Italy appears on this list due to the Norman Kingdom of Sicily. If you are from Italy, there is a slim chance one of your ancestors was a Viking, and an indirect one at that.

The Balkans and Turkey - 5%

When the Rus attempted to besiege Constantinople, the Byzantine emperor was so impressed by their ferocity that he invited them to become his elite personal bodyguards, later known as the Varangian Guard. The tradition of serving in the Varangian guard spread to all of Scandinavia, and it became a rite of passage for Scandinavian princes and nobles to serve in it. The famed Harald Hardrada, widely regarded as the last Viking king, served in the Varangian Guard in his teenage years. Interestingly, the Varangian Guard persisted until the 13th century, long after the end of the Viking Age. If you are from the Balkans or Turkey, there’s a slim chance one of your ancestors served the Byzantine emperor.

United States and Canada - 3%

Although Viking-age Scandinavians attempted to colonize North America at a site called L’Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland, that is not why they made this list. That attempt ended in failure. The U.S. and Canada are on this list because of the large migration of Scandinavians to North America in the 19th Century. In fact, over two million Scandinavians emigrated to the United States between 1820 and 1920. Americans and Canadians with direct Scandinavian heritage comprise roughly four percent of the population. Since Scandinavians have an eighty percent chance of having a Viking in their family tree, I revised the estimate for the U.S. and Canada accordingly.

Mongolia - .05%

Although the Vikings never traveled as far as Mongolia, the Golden Horde invaded and occupied Eastern Europe for decades. During that time, they brought back their favorite new pets — blue-eyed blond slaves. Today, a recessive gene in Mongolia causes children to have light hair and blue eyes. Since we know that Norse genes were present in the areas conquered by the Mongols, a tiny fraction of the population may have a Viking in their family tree. For that, of course, we have Genghis Khan to thank.

Is your country not on this list? Leave a comment below, and I’ll add an estimate for your country.

If you’ve made it this far, you might as well check out my books: